A colon polyp is an abnormal tissue growth that arises on the inner surface of the colon. Polyps are caused by genetic mutations in the DNA of the cells that line the colon. Individuals can grow single or multiple polyps.
The cause or etiology of these mutations leading to polyp formation is not clearly understood, but genetics as well as diet likely play a role.
Most colon polyps are non-cancerous and are almost always silent or asymptomatic (produce no symptoms). However, a large percentage of polyps have the capacity to continue to grow and evolve into a colon cancer and are, therefore, referred to as pre-cancerous polyps. It is felt that almost all colon cancers begin as polyps. At the polyp stage, we cannot tell which polyps are actively cancerous or are pre-cancerous. Only by removing the polyp at the time of colonoscopy can we then analyze the polyp microscopically to determine if the polyp is cancerous, pre-cancerous, or truly benign.
There is no definitive method of preventing colon polyps. Avoiding the risk factors one can control, such as tobacco use or poor diet may help to prevent polyps. When polyps do form, avoiding such risk factors may delay their growth. Chemoprevention may be effective in reversing, suppressing or preventing the occurrence of cancer or pre-cancerous polyps. Chemoprevention involves the use of medicines, vitamins or minerals to prevent or decrease the incidence of disease or factors that can lead to disease.
Studies have shown that the risk of developing polyps can be lowered by supplementation with the following micronutrients and antioxidants:
Low dose aspirin may also protect against the development of polyps. Interestingly, higher doses were less protective. Fiber, either through diet or supplementation, has not been shown to definitively prevent colon polyps or colon cancer; however, a diet higher in fiber may benefit other gastrointestinal conditions.
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